Absorption and metabolism: Hesperidin is absorbed after being hydrolyzed into hesperetin in the gastrointestinal tract, and combined into hesperetin conjugates during the absorption process, which is the major component in human and rat plasma. of circulating metabolites.
Bioavailability issues: Hesperidin has low bioavailability due to its poor water solubility and poor absorbability. Research shows that the rutinose-based portion of hesperidin (glucose + rhamnose) blocks its absorption in the small intestine.
Ways to improve bioavailability:
1. Enzymatic improvement: Hesperidin can be hydrolyzed into its monoglycosides and aglycones by treating hesperidin with hesperidinase, thus improving bioavailability. Plasma concentrations of hesperetin were significantly increased after ingestion of hesperidinase-treated citrus juice.
2. Chemical modification: Structural modification of hesperidin through chemical methods, such as conversion to the corresponding aglycone or low glycoside, can increase its solubility and bioavailability.
3. Physiologically based kinetic model: Establish a physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model to describe the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion process of hesperidin in the human body, thereby predicting the effective dose in the body.
Activity of hesperidin metabolites: Certain metabolites of hesperetin, such as hesperetin 7-O-glucuronide, have antihypertensive, vasodilatory, and anti-inflammatory activities, suggesting that hesperidin metabolites may have Healthy and beneficial.
Dietary sources of hesperidin: Hesperidin is found primarily in citrus fruits, including tangerines, oranges, and lemons. Hesperidin can be ingested by eating these fruits or their products, but due to its low bioavailability, the above methods may be needed to increase its effectiveness in the body.